Owls

The Bible typically refers broadly to bird families (sparrows, swallows, eagles, etc.), but it is more specific with owls, mentioning several species.  

In current taxonomy, there are two families of owls; the barn owls (18 species) include barn owls and bay owls. All other owls (200+ species) are a second family. These are categorized by size (pygmy/owlet, elf); sound (saw-whet, boobooks, screech); head features (eared, earless, horned/eagle, crested); facial features (scops, spectacled, long-whiskered, white-faced, maned); behavior (hawk, burrowing); coloring (flammulated); and location (Jamaican, Papuan hawk-owl). The largest owl (by length) is the great grey owl (24 to 33 inches long, wingspan up to five feet); the smallest is the elf owl (less than 5 inches long, wingspan 10 inches).

Owls have long fascinated people; they are both unique and mysterious. Their association with legends, omens, and superstitions probably has to do with their haunting calls and nighttime activity. Owls hunt primarily at night (nocturnal), although some species also hunt at dawn and dusk (crepuscular). A few owls will hunt during the day, perhaps more so when they are feeding young. If not in hiding, daytime owls are often motionless, quiet specters that are easy to walk by without seeing.

This nighttime nature makes seeing owls challenging; even if a birder goes out on an owl prowl, beginning at midnight or 3:00AM, the darkness of night hinders the viewing of birds. Owls are more often heard than seen. Another practice is nighttime banding, which can start at dusk. Nets are set out, and prey sounds are played to draw owls in.

I have had little success with owls. My most common sighting is a great horned owl, simply because I learned where it nests; I have been able to locate the nest a few years and view both parents and babies. This year I finally managed an eastern screech-owl in a nesting box. One of my 2026 highlights was a barred owl. As I was out walking, I heard a tremendous squawking of blue jays. (This is a great sign to be alert that something is going on.) The blue jays soon flew into view, chasing a barred owl that landed in a tree right down the trail from me. My owl nemesis is the short-eared owl. I have made multiple trips the past few years to a known location, but with no success. I also know the location of an occupied barn owl box, but the owls are safely hiding inside whenever I am there.

The Bible mentions up to six different owls. Ten owl species live in Israel today, and I have taken the liberty of making amateur suggestions of which modern-day owls might match the Bible’s species. Four of the Bible’s owls are given in the lists of unclean birds. “These, moreover, you shall detest among the birds; they are abhorrent, not to be eaten … the ostrich and the owl and the sea gull and the hawk in its kind, and the little owl and the cormorant and the great owl, and the white owl and the pelican and the carrion vulture” (Leviticus 11:13,16-18). This list is repeated in Deuteronomy, in a slightly different order: “the ostrich, the owl, the seagull, and the hawk in their kinds, the little owl, the great owl, the white owl” (14:15-16).

The owl (Strong’s Hebrew word 8464): the precise meaning is unknown, and this bird may be extinct. Some believe it likely to be a great owl, while others translate this as a male ostrich, (although “ostrich” is the previous bird in both lists). If this is indeed a large owl, it could be represented today by the Eurasian eagle-owl and the Pharaoh eagle-owl; these very large owls prefer rocky canyons and arid habitat.

The little owl (Strong’s Hebrew word 3563): this is pretty certain to be some kind of owl, and the word root has to do with a cup, which supports the idea of a small owl. Modern Israel has three small owls: the Eurasian scops-owl, the pallid scops-owl, and the little owl.

The great owl (Stong’s Hebrew word 3244): this is believed to be a great owl or eared owl. Israel has both the long-eared owl and the short-eared owl.

The white owl (Stong’s Hebrew word 8580): the precise meaning is unknown, and this creature may be extinct. While the consensus is that this is a bird, some believe it to be a lizard. Since these two lists are identified by God as lists of birds, we can be confident it is a bird in these references. Suggestions include an ibis or water-hen, but many believe it to be an owl, and more specifically, possibly a barn owl. Israel’s western barn owl has a stark white face and often bright white underparts; its overall coloring is light compared to most owls.

These two lists are not very insightful or informative about the various owls. The purpose of these lists is to identify unclean birds that were not to be eaten. Generally, birds of prey are not recommended for eating, due to concerns of disease.

There are a few other owl references in the Bible. The little owl is mentioned once more, translated simply “owl,” but the same Hebrew word. “I have become like an owl of the waste places” (Psalm 102:6). The author of this psalm describes his time of distress; he feels dry, despairing, and isolated. He compares himself to owls who live in dry and desolate areas where few birds dwell.

Isaiah gives a very similar description of birds that live in a barren and scorched land.  “But pelican and hedgehog will possess it, and owl and raven will dwell in it; and He will stretch over it the line of desolation and the plumb line of emptiness” (Isaiah 34:11). Translated “owl,” this is the same Hebrew word as great owl.

Both of these references highlight the desolate places that owls can live, although they are not habitats frequented by most birds. Interestingly, this is precisely one of the reasons (in addition to their nocturnal practices) that the study of owls is limited in comparison to the study of other birds.

The Isaiah passage just quoted gives us two other possible owl references. “The desert creatures will meet with the wolves, the hairy goat also will cry to its kind; yes, the night monster will settle there and will find herself a resting place” (v. 14). The “night monster” could refer to a night demon/goddess named Lilith that haunted the area, or perhaps to a nocturnal animal that encouraged such a legend. Spoken of as a creature that settles there and finds a resting place, it certainly sounds like it could be a bird, and owls are often associated with legends and omens. Some people believe this is a screech owl, whose nighttime sound has been known to terrorize people. The tawny owl lives in Israel’s rocky areas and shrieks at night.

“The tree snake will make its nest and lay eggs there, and it will hatch and gather them under its protection. Yes, the hawks will be gathered there, every one with its kind” (v. 15). The meaning of “tree snake” is doubtful, and some experts believe it to be an owl. It is noteworthy that most snakes do not care for their young after birth, but a bird would do all four actions - make a nest, lay eggs, hatch the eggs, and gather the young under its protection. The desert owl favors desert canyons as its home.

Whatever the specifics of these owls are, the Bible does recognize multiple members of this family that continues to fascinate people.

Scripture taken from the NEW AMERICAN STANDARD BIBLE ®, Copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission.

Variety of Birds

God is creative, and there is amazing variety among the many birds He created. God Himself openly acknowledged this variety when He spoke of the birds that would go onto the ark. “They and every beast after its kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth after its kind, and every bird after its kind, all sorts of birds” (Genesis 7:14).

“All sorts of birds” seems like a totally appropriate description. While numbers vary, most organizations recognize around 250 different bird families. Before we take that 250 and make it more complicated, let’s first make it less complicated.

Those 250 families can be divided into broad categories. Different people and agencies have somewhat differing categories, but I think the simplest version comes down to five major divisions, which can be distinguished mostly by the design of the birds’ feet.

Perching birds. These are also known as passerines or songbirds. The feet of these birds have three toes facing forward and one toe facing backward, designed for perching on branches or tree trunks. Some passerines (including robins, sparrows, starlings, and crows) spend some of their time on the ground, but passerines are most often seen perched in a tree or bush, or clinging to a stalk of grass. Sixty percent of all birds fall into this huge group, which includes finches, thrushes, wrens, corvids, warblers, woodpeckers, sparrows, and much more.

Hunting birds. These are also known as raptors or birds of prey. Raptors have a hooked beak and eight sharp talons that are designed for their carnivorous lifestyle. These birds often sit high in a tree or mountain or soar through the sky, watching for prey; when they spot a meal, they swoop down to capture it. This group includes eagles, hawks, falcons, kites, owls, osprey, and vultures.

Swimming birds. These birds usually have webbed feet, as well as having bills that are either broad for scooping up food or pointed for spearing it. This group includes geese, swans, ducks, grebes, penguins, and pelicans. Some people also place herons in this group, although in my opinion, they might better fit into the next group.

Walking birds. Shorebirds might be a better designation for this group, but if we are focused on function, these birds have feet (and legs) designed for walking, especially through water, mud, or sand. This group includes the birds that walk on the beach or in mudflats or wetlands. This would include sandpipers, seagulls, plovers, terns, flamingos, storks, and ibises.

Game birds. Ideally, the birds in this category might be integrated into the groups above. Practically, however, they are birds that are traditionally raised or hunted for food. These are primarily walking birds, although only some of them are flightless. This group includes ostriches, emus, turkeys, chickens, grouse, pheasants, quail, and kiwi.

Just in these broad categories of function, we can see that there is already a lot of variety. God recognized the different categories of birds, as well as the fact that each category contained variety. “I will give you as food to every kind of predatory bird and beast of the field” (Ezekiel 39:4). Here He refers to various kinds of predatory birds.

Lumping all birds into five categories is simplified. Expanding the birds into 250 families is more complex, but still fairly simple. Each of those bird families can have dozens or even hundreds of subfamilies. The most complex group are the perching birds; there are over 6,000 species included. That’s a lot of variety! Almost all of these are twelve inches or smaller (ravens, crows, and magpies excluded), but there is a vast difference between a tiny hummingbird and a large raven. To the “starter” list in an earlier paragraph (finches, thrushes, wrens, corvids, warblers, woodpeckers, sparrows), we could add pittas, flycatchers, treecreepers, antbirds, honeyeaters, broadbills, shrikes, woodcreepers, bowerbirds, hummingbirds, asities, cotingas, manakins, ovenbirds, gnateaters, lyrebirds, bowerbirds, larks, swallows, babblers, kinglets, buntings, cardinals – and our list is still not complete.

Furthermore, the list above gives family names. Each family can contain dozens or even hundreds of different species. The tyrant flycatchers alone have over 450 species. Twenty additional passerine families are comprised of at least 100 different species. So much variety! A family familiar in the US would be the New World sparrows, which includes 135 species. Many birders express frustration with what they call LBJs, or “little brown jobs.” Just in the eastern US, this list includes song sparrow, Lincoln’s sparrow, swamp sparrow, fox sparrow, Bachman’s sparrow, chipping sparrow, American tree sparrow, field sparrow, Savannah sparrow, vesper sparrow, Henslow’s sparrow, grasshopper sparrow, white-throated sparrow, white-crowned sparrow, dark-eyed junco, and eastern towhee, (plus a couple coastal and/or Florida sparrows).

Admittedly, most people are not going to fully appreciate bird diversity by considering LBJs! So let’s talk about variety. Just to reference a few other verses, God refers to “birds of every kind” (Ezekiel 17:23), “every kind of bird” (Ezekiel 39:17), and “all kinds of … birds of the air” (Acts 10:12). What would that include? It would include the bee hummingbird, from Cuba, just 2.25 inches long; it would include the common ostrich at 9 feet; and it would include everything in between.

As far as variety, God created some pretty unusual birds. Here are just a few.

Hummingbird – hovers, flaps 80 times per second, flies backwards and upside down

Wood duck and harlequin duck – elaborately painted faces and bodies

Sugarbird – long, sweeping tail is twice as long as the body

Hamerkop – “hammerhead,” named for the unusual shape of its head

Hoopoe – crown of feathers above the head can be fanned out like a headdress

Parrot – playful face shapes, unusual bills, flamboyant colors

Toucan – really big and really colorful beaks

Pelican – large beak with expandable throat pouch for carrying fish

Secretary bird – four-foot-tall chicken-looking carnivore on super-long legs

Flamingo – long legs, long curved neck, large body, unthinkable color of pink

Penguin – fat, (mostly) snow-dwelling, tiny flappers for wings, hardly any legs

Peacock – extravagant color, totally over-the-top design

Cassowary – 5-6 feet tall, flightless, colorful wattles, wedge on top of head

Variety is what makes birding fun. Generally speaking, birds of a feather flock together. A flock of birds is likely to be homogenous – or MOSTLY homogenous. One of my favorite birding tips is “Look for the one that’s different.” The careful examination of a similar-looking flock can reveal that a special bird or two is included. How exciting to find a common goldeneye among the lesser scaups, a dunlin hiding among the least sandpipers, one magnolia warbler accompanying the black-throated green warblers, or a bank swallow mixed into a line of tree swallows!

Scripture taken from the NEW AMERICAN STANDARD BIBLE ®, Copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission.

Global Distribution

Most people are interested in the birds they can see in their own back yard. With a little effort, birders can visit local bird habitats – wetlands, state parks, bodies of water, nearby mountains, and so on. The further one is willing to travel, the more species of birds he is likely to see. Avid birders love to take trips. When I meet up with local birders, they frequently tell me about their trips: Cape May, the Southwest, Alaska, Central America, Spain, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, among others.

I am a much more local birder. My list includes birds I saw when I lived in New Hampshire (and a few side trips to Maine), birds from Pennsylvania (where I have lived most), and birds from Florida (where I made several trips to visit my brother). Additionally, I added a few species on trips to Mexico (25) and Honduras (13); birding was not my primary purpose in those countries, but I did see some birds along the way.

Why do birders like to travel so much? The simple reason is that there are only so many species available locally, and other places have a different selection of birds. My mom has often said that it is possible to see 200 different species close to home, but in order to see more than that, one has to travel. I am acquainted with a local birding couple who are two of the top birders in Pennsylvania. A few years ago they made an effort to see 300 different species in Pennsylvania in a single year. Even for them, that was a challenge, and they traveled the state to do it.

According to eBird, the total number of species ever recorded in Lebanon County, where I live, is 304. That includes rarities that may have shown up only once. Of that number perhaps 220 are year-round residents, seasonal residents, or fairly regular migrants; the remainder are considered rare and unlikely. I have seen 193 of those, so I’m getting really close to that 200 number.

What makes birding so exciting for avid birders is the global potential. There are approximately 11,000 species globally, but no individual region has more than several hundred. In fact, no continent has more than 4,000. God has spread different bird families across different regions and in different habitats that suit each bird. When God created the birds, “God blessed them, saying, ‘Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth’” (Genesis 1:22). “God blessed [Adam and Eve] and God said to them, ‘Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it; and rule … over the birds of the sky and over every living thing that moves on the earth’” (Genesis 1:28).

That word “earth” at the end of the verses above refers to the world at large. God intended for man to reproduce and spread out to all the earth, where he would oversee birds in all the earth. God intended for the birds to be everywhere, and He intended for them to reproduce everywhere. Even at the time of creation, it is likely that birds pervaded the entirety of the existing land mass and bordering oceans. Just as God created plants and trees to fill the whole earth, so He created the birds and animals and fish necessary to fill those ecosystems. I suspect the bird populations were small at the beginning, which is why God blessed them and instructed them to multiply. In a pristine world where there were no predators, the population of birds would have expanded rapidly. (According to Genesis 1:30, all the creatures were herbivores at the beginning.)

When the Flood came, things changed dramatically. For a time, the bird population was severely reduced, but God’s intention was always for the birds to once again reach a global distribution. He stated that intention when He gave His instructions to Noah. “Also of the birds of the sky, by sevens, male and female, to keep offspring alive on the face of all the earth” (Genesis 7:3). After the Flood, God repeated the same intention. “Bring out with you every living thing of all flesh that is with you, birds and animals and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth, that they may breed abundantly on the earth, and be fruitful and multiply on the earth” (Genesis 8:17).

Global distribution was God’s goal, and He has accomplished that goal. Immediately after the Flood, He may have accelerated that plan; notice God’s desire that they “breed abundantly,” in addition to “be fruitful and multiply.” I believe that there was one land mass prior to the Flood, and I believe that land mass separated into the continents we know today (perhaps as a repercussion of the Flood’s trauma to the earth). “Two sons were born to Eber; the name of the one was Peleg, for in his days the earth was divided” (Genesis 10:25). Peleg was the great, great, great grandson of Noah. The birds had five generations of human time in which to spread to the areas where they would live thereafter.

In the big picture of global distribution, we can consider the continents. It’s hard to find consistent and definitive numbers, but based on a bit of research, I believe the below numbers are reasonably accurate. North America has 2,400 bird species, South America 3,500, Europe 960, Africa 2,700, Asia 3,800, Oceania (including Australia) 2,200, and Antarctica 63.

The first observation is that birds do indeed fill the entire earth – even Antarctica. The second observation is that each continent is pretty distinct in terms of bird species. Again, there are approximately 11,000 total species in the world. Adding the numbers above for each continent comes to a total of just over 15,600. So there is some overlap of birds that live on more than one continent, but there is also a lot of uniqueness. This is why birders have to travel if they are going to amass thousands of birds on their lists. Someone could crisscross the vast African continent all his life and would never be able to surpass 3,000 species.

In the smaller picture, there is this delightful term “endemic species.” An endemic species is one that is totally unique to an area, existing nowhere else in the world. Remember Peleg and the dividing of the land mass into continents? When Australia broke off from the larger land mass, it became separated by vast stretches of water. Whatever birds were on Australia were staying there, and whatever birds were not there had little possibility of ever showing up. Australia has around 375 endemic bird species; nearly half of Australia’s birds are not found anywhere else on the globe.

New Guinea has 380 endemic species. Brazil has 293. New Zealand has around 175. Peru has 120. Madagascar has 109. India has 72. The Galapagos Islands have 45. If you are looking for endemic species in the continental US, you are almost out of luck. There are only fifteen. (Of these 15, I have seen the Carolina chickadee, fish crow, and boat-tailed grackle.)

God’s birds are distributed all across God’s globe by God’s purpose and design. It would take a truly diligent and widely-traveled person to see anywhere close to the 11,000 total species. Peter Kaestner, from the US, is believed to lead the pack. He started in the US and took his first international trip at age nine. As a young adult, he served in the Peace Corp in Africa, where he amassed an impressive 1,500 species. He then became a foreign diplomat for 36 years, during which time he was sent all over the world, adding more and more birds. He continued birding after retirement, and in February 2024, he recorded his 10,000^th species to set a Guiness World Record.

Scripture taken from the NEW AMERICAN STANDARD BIBLE ®, Copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission.

Conservation Practices

What would our world be like without birds? I suppose there are some workaholic city-dwellers, absorbed in the rat race, who might not give birds a second thought; probably even these people would start to have some undefined inkling that something was missing. For many others who derive joy from birds, the loss of them would be quite significant.

The Bible describes a future time of global desolation, of which the depopulation of birds will be one aspect. It is not a pleasant picture. “I looked, and behold, there was no man, and all the birds of the heavens had fled” (Jeremiah 4:25). “For the mountains I will take up a weeping and wailing, and for the pastures of the wilderness a dirge, because they are laid waste so that no one passes through, and the lowing of the cattle is not heard, both the birds of the sky and the beasts have fled; they are gone” (Jeremiah 9:10). “How long is the land to mourn and the vegetation of the countryside to wither? For the wickedness of those who dwell in it, animals and birds have been snatched away, because men have said, ‘He will not see our latter ending’” (Jeremiah 12:4). The world without birds would be very sad and oppressive, devoid of a large category of beauty and pleasure.

There is something in man that responds to this dismal possibility and attempts to prevent it, leading to deliberate conservation efforts. Some of those efforts are broadly directed toward birds in general, while targeted actions have focused on specific bird species. Many of these conservation practices are similar to what God Himself has done to protect the birds. I have arranged these into four categories.

First, the only known surviving members of a species are placed in a captive, protective environment. God did this during the Flood, although His actions were preemptive rather than reactionary. God knew that all the creatures on earth were about to die. “The LORD said, ‘I will blot out man whom I have created from the face of the land, from man to animals to creeping things and to birds of the sky; for I am sorry that I have made them’” (Genesis 6:7). “All flesh that moved on the earth perished, birds and cattle and beasts and every swarming thing that swarms upon the earth, and all mankind” (Genesis 7:21). This resulted in the near-extinction of every species. In order to maintain the existence of birds, God had placed two unclean and seven (possibly seven pairs) of each clean bird on the ark. After the Flood, these birds reproduced, and their populations again increased to fill the earth.

Humans have mimicked this practice. The California condor was almost extinct in late 1900s. In 1987, the US Fish & Wildlife Service captured all remaining 27 condors. These were placed in the Los Angeles Zoo and an animal park in San Diego, where they underwent a breeding program in captivity. Since then over 1000 chicks have hatched. Condors have been released back into the wild since 1991, and the condor population has surpassed 500. Similarly, but even more extreme, the Mauritius kestrel was down to four known individuals in the 1970s. These four birds were captured and bred in captivity. The offspring were then released into protected habitats and are recovering.

Second, broad, wide-sweeping protections are put into place. These major policies and practices impact many birds. None was greater that the protection God established after the Flood. He made a covenant to never again destroy the earth with a flood. That covenant included the birds, thus forever preventing an entire category of potential devastation. “And with every living creature that is with you, the birds, the cattle, and every beast of the earth with you; of all that comes out of the ark, even every beast of the earth” (Genesis 9:10).

Humans are not capable of such a comprehensive protection, but they have taken some major steps to protect birds. DDT was banned in 1972 after scientists realized its devastating impact on raptors. Hunting bans have also been put into place; this has especially helped several large birds – birds that made good targets for hunters, being both fun to hunt and incapable of hiding easily. Sandhill cranes were reduced to several thousand in the 1940s; hunting restrictions were implemented, and there are now around 650,000. (I first saw one on 1/1/26.) Even more extreme, trumpeter swans were down to 69 known birds in the lower 48 states in the 1930s; after a hunting ban, the population has risen into the tens of thousands. (I first saw one on 4/19/25). Another sweeping protection in the US is the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which makes it illegal to remove or destroy any bird nest that contains eggs or chicks, and illegal to remove any eggs or chicks from the nest.

Third, there are “common sense” best practices that protect birds. God established one of these guidelines. “If you happen to come upon a bird’s nest along the way, in any tree or on the ground, with young ones or eggs, and the mother sitting on the young or on the eggs, you shall not take the mother with the young” (Deuteronomy 22:6). God permitted the taking of the eggs or the young, but did not permit the mother to be taken also. The eggs or young could be eaten, but the mother survived to establish future nests. This enhanced the survival possibility of the species.

I thought of three modern-day common-sense provisions. One is the deliberate fostering of sensitive habitats. This is frequently done by establishing wetlands and by performing controlled burns. The Kirtland’s warbler, known as the US’s rarest warbler, breeds only in young jack pine forests in the Great Lakes area (parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Ontario). This unique habitat has been maintained with controlled burns and replanting; as a result, this warbler which was on the endangered list (1967-2019) now has over 2000 pairs. (I will probably never see one, but a local birding acquaintance saw one this spring as it migrated through Ohio). A second example concerns meadowlarks and similar birds that nest in open grassy fields. Some farmers agree to deliberately delay mowing their fields in order to give time for nesting. (I first saw a meadowlark 4/1/04). A third example concerns bluebirds. They were in significant decline, as the available nest cavities were being taken over by more aggressive introduced species (starlings and house sparrows). Both environmental groups and private citizens responded with a massive nesting box initiative. Now landscapes everywhere are sprinkled with bluebird-sized nest boxes. (There are often two boxes side by side, as tree swallows love these boxes but won’t nest right beside each other. The tree swallows take one box, leaving the other for bluebirds.) Bluebirds have recovered nicely to over 20 million. (I’ve had hundreds of sightings of this delightful bird.)

Fourth, protection from predators is important for preserving birds. God predicts a future time when the world will be at total peace; even the birds will not have to fear predators. “In that day I will also make a covenant for them with the beasts of the field, the birds of the sky and the creeping things of the ground. And I will abolish the bow, the sword and war from the land, and will make them lie down in safety” (Hosea 2:18).

Practically, even backyard birders can do this by placing feeders a short distance from trees. This allows birds to have a quick escape from cats and raptors. On a larger scale, island birds are vulnerable when non-native predators are introduced. In New Zealand, the black stilt was down to 23 known individuals in 1981. Their ground-nesting practice made them vulnerable to introduced predators, such as cats and ferrets. With predator control, the stilts have recovered to more than 170. The takahe bird in New Zealand was believed to be extinct until a small group was discovered in 1948. Like several other NZ birds, this one is flightless, making it particularly vulnerable to non-native predators. This newly-discovered population was moved to small offshore islands where the predators do not live, and the population has now surpassed 500.

God cares about the birds, and He protects them in many ways. By mimicking God’s conservation practices, man has seen some good successes. I simplified some of the stories above by highlighting the major issue in each case, although it’s seldom just one thing that creates or solves the problem. Stories and data were found on the below sites.

www.wildbirdscoop.com/bird-conservation-success-stories

birdsmania.com/bird-conservation-success-stories

www.nwf.org/our-work/wildlife-conservation/success-stories

Scripture taken from the NEW AMERICAN STANDARD BIBLE ®, Copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission.